Healthiest Baby Formula: Other Things to Consider
When you’re searching for the healthiest baby formula for your infant, it’s easy to fall into a ton of different rabbit holes. You’re going to hear about things like whey/casein ratio and A2 milk. Let’s look at some of the factors worth considering when you’re looking at the best formula brands.
Whey/Casein Ratio
In an attempt to mimic real breast milk, formula manufacturers engineer their products to have a specific whey/casein ratio. Not sure what whey and protein are? Here’s the deal:
- Whey proteins stay in liquid form in the stomach (when exposed to stomach acid)—think the watery whey that separates in a container of natural yogurt–and exit the stomach more quickly. Whey proteins are therefore easier to digest and are rarely a source of allergies.
- Casein proteins form solids in the stomach (like cheese curds) and empty at a slower rate. They are more likely to cause digestive issues and be a source of allergies.
There is controversy over the optimal whey/casein ratio for a baby formula because the ratios found in breast milk change over time. Whey content is high in early lactation (with a ratio of about 90:10), and by late lactation, whey and casein protein amounts are roughly equal.
Goat milk and cow milk both have a whey to casein ratio of about 20:80. Manufacturers add whey protein to their formulas to adjust this ratio.
So what is the optimal whey/casein ratio? This depends on factors such as how old your baby is (in other words, how developed his/her digestion is), whether your baby has any digestive issues (like reflux, which may be a reaction to too much casein), and whether your baby is sensitive or allergic to casein.
We also don’t really know how much of the whey and casein added to formula actually ends up being assimilated. It’s definitely worth having a conversation with your pediatrician about which formula has the right ratio for your baby, although in many instances the whey/casein ratio isn’t an issue you need to worry about. Most babies do fine on standard formulas.
Bottom line: Because human milk is so rich in whey, we prefer formulas that add it. The best formula brands almost always do.
Prebiotics & Probiotics
Probiotics are beneficial bacteria, and prebiotics are food for probiotics. You probably already know that good gut bacteria is key to healthy immune function.
Breast milk has natural prebiotic properties, such as its oligosaccharide content. The act of breastfeeding also introduces lots of healthy bacteria to the breastfed infant’s microbiome. In an attempt to mimic human milk (and ride the wave of current health trends!), many formula manufacturers now add prebiotics and probiotics to their products.
There’s little research to suggest that this offers any real benefits, and the American Association of Pediatrics doesn’t officially recommend it. Still, the addition of pre- and probiotics are almost certainly not harmful to healthy babies.
Bottom line: Even though many of the healthiest baby formula contains pre- or probiotics, I probably wouldn’t rely on this as an effective supplement (mostly because of dosage and quality/viability of the organisms). Parents who are interested in supplementing with probiotics should choose a high-quality product like this one from Bobbie.
Aluminum in Infant Formulas
Unfortunately, it seems like high aluminum content in formulas is pretty much ubiquitous (studies confirm this in UK and Canadian markets, and there is no research done yet on formulas in U.S. market).
It’s not clear exactly why this is, but there are a variety of modes of potential contamination: raw materials (powdered milk may have aluminum added to prevent clumpiness, for instance), additives (like phosphorous), and manufacturing processes.
It’s important to note that a lot of healthful foods we eat contain more aluminum than any of the formulas in this study–including fish, spinach, and many types of tea. I’m not convinced that the amount in formula is something worth worrying about.
We also don’t know is how much of the aluminum that’s ingested ends up accumulating in the body of infants and toddlers. In adults, most aluminum is excreted, but what remains does accumulate and can cause problems in the long term.
There’s little that consumers can do about aluminum in formula, except for:
- Choosing breastmilk if possible.
- Avoiding soy-based formulas, as these tend to be highest in aluminum.
- Preparing powder formula with a silicon-rich mineral water—in the U.S., Volvic and Fiji water fit the bill. Experts believe that this could reduce the absorption of aluminum across the gut of the child and also potentially help the child to excrete aluminum in the body via the urine. However, these are areas which are also being researched.
A2 Milk
You will see that some of the best formula brands in our lists above contain “A2 milk.”
Here’s the deal: Cow milk has two primary types of proteins–A1 and A2 beta-casein. More studies are needed, but there is some evidence to suggeste that A2 milk is easier to digest and less likely to cause inflammation than is A1 milk. The strongest evidence is around lactose intolerance–studies suggest that milk with A2 protein is much less likely to cause gastrointestional distress.
Among the healthiest baby formula brands, four contain A2 milk: Aussie Bubs, Baby’s Only, Serenity, and Holle. Also, goat milk contains that A2 protein, so this is part of the reason it may be more digestible.
Bottom line: We think A2 is probably better than A1 milk for babies, and some–but not all–of the best baby formula brands include it.
DHA/ARA
DHA and ARA are long chain fatty acids found naturally in human breast milk, which make up the major long chain fats in baby’s brain and nerve tissue.
We know that naturally occurring oils from food, food-based oils, and mom’s diet (in breast milk) is highly beneficial. However, it’s not clear that these benefits are enjoyed when DHA and ARA are added to formula. Still, most formulas now boast the addition of essential fatty acids DHA and ARA.
The most common types of DHA and ARA extracted by the solvent hexane, a known neurotoxin, although the hexane is removed from the formula after it’s been processed. There are other methods for extraction, but these are relatively new and the jury is out on whether they are harmful, beneficial, or of no consequence at all.
If you choose a formula without DHA added, but want to supplement on your own, this is the brand we like.
Note that all European formulas are now required to contain DHA, and that organic oils in European formula cannot be hexane-extracted.
Bottom line: We think there’s no downside to the addition of DHA/ARA in formula, and most of the best formula brands have choses to add it.
BPA in Formula Cans
Good news: there is one thing you no longer have to worry about when buying formula, and it’s BPA. The FDA has finally gotten with the program and banned BPA from formula container linings. Of course, I worry about what’s being used in place of BPA, but still this is a small victory!
Healthiest Baby Formula FAQs
What is the closest formula to breast milk?
Needless to say, I’m pro-breastfeeding. I have only two kids, but I breastfed for a total of 7 years, so you can do the math. But of course I also know amazing parents who formula feed their (very healthy!) children.
Every formula brand claims that their nutrient blend most closely mimics breast milk. Based on our research process, we think that ByHeart and Kabrita get the closest.
What’s the best hypoallergenic baby formula?
Some babies, like those with milk protein allergies, need a hypoallergenic formula. Sometimes called “gentle,” these formulas contain hydrolyzed proteins, which means that they are broken down and more digestible.
Many pediatricians recommend Pregestimil or Nutramigen (both by Enfamil) or Alimentum (by Similac). If forced to choose between these, I would go for the Alimentum since it skips the carrageenan and corn syrup. But I can’t call any of these Good Stuff since all three contain ingredients of concern and none is organic. Nutramigen is probably the very worst of these, comprised of 48% corn syrup solids!!
If it were my baby, I would choose HiPP HA organic baby formula, which contains no sugar, corn syrup, or maltodextrin, and is full of good prebiotics. You also might want to try HiPP Anti-Reflux formula if your baby has a sensitive stomach. It’s made with 100% whey and no casein to prevent reflux.
If you want an American brand, Bobbie Organic Gentle is the only one that is sweetened with just lactose.
Please check with your pediatrician first if you suspect an intolerance or allergy.
Can you give an infant a “toddler” formula?
I know many parents who have chosen to feed their infants a “toddler” formula. Most toddler formulas contain the 29 key nutrients that are required by the FDA for infant formula. Some of these are the best formula brands out there but are not marketed as infant formula because the brands haven’t completed the infant feeding studies. A few notes on this country’s formula rules and regulations, by the way:
- The recipe requirements are from the Infant Formula Act of 1980 (which I believe is in desperate need of an update!).
- Infant formula certification requires multi-year and multi-million dollar feeding studies.
- Thus, there is a huge barrier to entry for innovative companies or smaller brands. ByHeart is one of the few brands who did their own study. (More on them in this post.)
- In early 2022, the FDA recalled brands (e.g., Similac, Alimentum and EleCare) after babies drinking these formulas became ill. This was nearly 6 months after the FDA found out but failed to act on the information. In March of 2022, the FDA finally shut down the facility producing these formulas, which lead to a formula shortage.
Again, ask your pediatrician to review the nutrition label on any formula you’re considering.
Where is American baby formula made?
Almost all infant formula sold in this country is produced by just four manufacturers:
- Mead Johnson (Enfamil)
- Abbott Nutrition (Similac)
- Nestlé (Gerber)
- Perrigo (Bobbie, Earth’s Best, generic formulas for many grocery chains)
ByHeart is made in the U.S. in its own factory.
Should you use filtered water for baby formula?
Yes! Tap water may be contaminated with chlorine byproducts, weed killers, insecticides, solvents, lead, BPA, phthalates, PFAS…the list goes on. Fluoride is present in infant formula, and when combined with fluoridated tap water, infant exposure levels can exceed safe amounts. I think everyone should invest in a good water filter, but especially if you have a formula-fed baby in your home.
What is the safest baby bottle?
Here is a cheat sheet to help you choose the safest bottle for your baby, whether you are breast- or formula-feeding!
Should I consider a goat milk formula?
Yes! Goat milk may be more similar to human milk because it contains A2 beta-casein protein. For an in-depth look at the pros and cons, check out our post about goat milk formulas.
659 comments
S
Hi! If anyone reading the comments would like to try some of the Holle Stage 1 goat milk formula, I am selling two boxes of it. Expiration date 1/30/2019. Selling for $15/box or best offer (usually retails online for roughly double that, give or take; I just want them to go to a good home, so I’m flexible on price). Originally purchased from Organic Baby Shop ( http://organicbabyshop.com ). Tried the goat formula when baby was four months old, but it caused constipation for our little’s particular digestive system and we had to switch back to cow’s milk via Lebenswert Bio. Reply to this comment if you’re interesetd and we can exchange email addresses so I can happily send the two boxes to you with free shipping. Barring that, if you are reading this comment and know anywhere else that I could potentially sell these two boxes, please reply and let me know! I feel like it would be so wasteful and terrible to just throw these two unopened, sealed boxes out! I’d rather they go to a home where they will be used or sampled and nourish a child! Let me know—thanks!
Mollie
What did you end up going with? I am in this boat now.. have been feeding my son elecare but i really want to make a switch to something more organic.
Jun
Hi Maia,
Were you able to find out anything more on this report/topic? Thanks JunSuzanne Weaver-Goss
Oh, hugs to you! We all are familiar with the terror of keeping our kids healthy! The oil is definitely the biggest problem behind sugar in baby formula, and I wish I had a definitive answer for you on the soy vs. canola issue. Considering the age of your baby, why don’t you look into Kabrita? (see above)
Stella
I’ve had my baby on Lebenswert Bio since the first few weeks of life, we realized that formula would be necessary in light of my poor milk supply. We have been happy with the results—no constipation (whereas we experienced constipation with Earth’s Best and even Baby’s Only, the first two formulas we tried). The child is now almost one year old and thriving. However, I am concerned now about the use of “rapsol”—rapeseed oil or canola oil?—in the Lebenswert and other European formulas. From what I am reading, canola oil was not GRAS (generally recognized as safe) by US regulatory bodies until the last couple of years, and I see all these articles about canola oil causing fibrous lesions in the heart and dementia. I wanted my child on the European formulas to avoid the soy oil in American organic formulas, but now I am fearful that I have made a mistake in the opposite direction by using a formula with a different problematic oil. Any thoughts or research or links on this? Is the “rapsol” in the European formulas the same as canola oil? Why did and does Europe allow this oil when the US did not? I wish I or anyone could quiet all of the fear and anxiety, to the point of terror, I have experienced about my child’s diet since I was unable to fully and properly nourish using my own milk.
Evelina
Hi Maia,
I just tried to purchase the Kabrita formula and it looks like your coupon has expired. Do you by chance know anything about this? Perhaps there is another code I can use? Thanks very much! EvelinaLucia
Just checked the Happy Baby formula ingredients and it lists palm oil. Would you still recommend it?
Maia James
Hi! Nothing is as good as breastmilk, ideally straight from the breast, so if that’s an option, I say do that for as long as you can! If not, Kabrita is a good second choice…
Meridith Arndorfer
I plan to continue breastfeeding my child hopefully until a least 2 years ( currently 7 months old) but once she reaches her first birthday and eats more solids, she probably won’t breastfeed as often and I don’t like the idea of giving her cow milk very often and I ideally would want to give her raw milk but wouldn’t know where to find that. The Dr doesn’t think young children should eat much dairy and I agree. So is Kabrita a good drink to serve with meals occasionally or should I pump breastmilk to give with meals or give water with meals and breastfeed throughout the day? ( Of course this is after she turns 1) I don’t like that Kabrita has folic acid instead of folate and I do not know how I feel about palm oil. Thank you!
Richard Collins
This is a great resource of information. I just looked at the ingredients for happy baby organics stage 1, the US brand you recommend. My question is without US brand is there had any brand for this that is also useful too? Thanks in advance for your answer also for your informative article.
Stefan
Baby’s only its not for Infants as some of the contents amounts are way too high for them, Its a toddler formula. I got a list directly fro them and Calcium and other stuff are double than FDA suggested amounts for Infants.
So please don’t include it in lists for Baby Formulas and do not give it to kids younger than 1yr.
Stefan
Baby’s only its not for Infants as some of the contents amounts are way too high for them, Its a toddler formula. I got a list directly fro them and Calcium and other stuff are double than FDA suggested amounts for Infants.
So please don’t include it in lists for Baby Formulas and do not give it to kids younger than 1yr.
Rachel
Thank you so much for this! I gave my 2.5 year old Baby’s Only (dairy, DHA ARA) when she was a newborn and I couldn’t breastfeed for a few days. It was the formula I chose for supplementation when needed (approved by her pediatrician). I’ve been waiting to read your newly updated reviews, but since I wasn’t having another baby, I didn’t need it. Well, here I am! Baby #2 on board and while we have tons of time to worry about formula, I am so thankful for this list. I will definitely consider Happy Baby along with Baby’s Only, should I need some formula this time. I know how much research you do and I am just so appreciative of this site.
Sejla
Hi Maia,
Thanks for the great article! I will have to start supplementing with formula soon but my 6mo old son has a milk protein allergy (I’m not eating any dairy nor soy just to make sure). Now I dont know which formula would be best. Soy might be my only option, but wanted to hear your thoughts on which formula would be best for an infant allergic to milk protein. Thank you so much! SejlaAngelica Jones
Hi,
Thank you for the great resource of information​! What are your thoughts on Kabrita stage 1 and 2… They sell them in Europe and I could have access to them. I am looking for a formula for my 10 m old baby. I used to buy Hipp but it doesn’t seem like you’re​ a fan of it anymore and the one you recommend overall is for stage 1. Thanks! AngelicaMaia James
I’m not a fan of this, sorry to say:(
Hannah
Hi I’d like to know your vet/opinion of Hipp formula…stage 1!
Shelby Sidoti
Maia
The hospital started my sister’s bay in Similac Pro Sensitive for immune support non gmo. What are your thoughts on this formula? Please advise and thank you ?
Caitlin
Hi Maia,
First of all thanks for being s resource for new moms, there is a lot of conflicting information on the internet. I have a few questions about what you’re promoting with the organic formulas and specifically the European formulas. 1. Do you care about scientific research? The one thing that I’ve found with some of the larger companies (Enfamil, Gerber, and Similac) is that they at least have research to show that the ingredients in their products are bioavailable and for some of the companies – Similac & Gerber – they test their formula against the breastfed infant to see how close the formula is performing to the gold standard of the breastfed infant. Is this less important to you than having an “organic” label on something? 2. I like that you support Baby’s Only Organic and the fact that it’s a US company. There’s not enough emphasis on supporting US based companies these days. Also, that means in case of recall formula is well-documented with the FDA vs. purchasing European formulas which don’t have the same regulations as far as tracking disbursements of product. I think it’d be good to do an update on your site with the recent recall of Lactalis and the horrible contamination of Salmonella. 3. I’ve currently been feeding my baby Similac’s Pure Bliss and Similac’s Pro-Advance and I’ve been very pleased! I did a lot of research and I wanted to share it with you so you could update some of your information. I loved that Pure Bliss comes from grass-fed cows – I’m waiting to hear back from the company to see if the farms are Demeter certified like the Hipp and Holle farms. At least I know it’s non-GMO and the cow’s aren’t treated with growth hormones of any kind. I also inquired if they will apply for the Organic certification. I found out that it has the added vitamins and minerals for baby, but actually has natural ingredients like natural lutein, vitamin D, E, and DHA (not synthetic) and of course is palm oil free. Similac Pro-Advance is the latest version of the formula and like you said above it has a very similar make-up to Baby’s Only Organic. It has the same natural vitamin D, E, lutein, and DHA, is palm oil free, and has human milk oligosaccharides. I wanted to know your take on these HMO’s? I did some research and they seem like a great ingredient – very abundant in breastmilk. Is this another marketing ploy? Do any other formulas have the human milk oligosaccharides? Thanks in advance for your answers!!! I’m just trying to be the most educated in a constantly changing world! My fellow baby-mama’s thank you for your reply!Maia James
Yes, my #1 choice overall for formula is Lebenswert.
Maia James
It depends on where you order from, but definitely ask whatever vendor you choose!
Maia James
I’d never heard of it! Definitely looks like great ingredients, but I would want you to check with your pediatrician for his/her opinion.
Maia James
Personally, I would filter my tap water and use that to mix with the formula.
Aria
Would it be best to use Fiji bottled water to mix with happy baby formula? Is the Fiji bottle safe or should I transfer the water to glass container?
Gabby
I see your review of Hipp baby milk but am wondering what you think of the combotic Dutch version here: https://lworganics.com/products/hipp-stage-1-organic-bio-combiotic-infant-milk-formula-900g-dutch-version?variant=48259569096
Why do you prefer Lebenswert to this formula? Your thoughts are MUCH appreciated, navigating European formulas are difficult! Thank you!Michelle
what are your thoughts on this homemade formula kit and the brand Mt. Capra?
https://mtcapra.com/product/homemade-goat-milk-formula-kit/Melinda
Are there directions in English on the German formulas? If not, how do you know how much to mix?
Lee
Hi. Thank you for this wonderful post. I just looked at the ingredients for happy baby organics stage 1, the US brand you recommend, and it lists palm oil as an ingredient (ORGANIC PALM OLEIN OR PALM OIL). I am confused why it is your top choice for US brands.
Ashley
I would recommend Holle cow milk formula. Holle is one of the best formulas on the baby food market and carry one of the strictest and highest organic certifications, Demeter. I would recommend either stage pre or stage 1, as both of them are suitable for babies from birth to 6 months. The main difference between the two stages is that stage pre contains lactose and stage 1 contains maltodextrin. OrganicBabyShop carry both.
Tracalyn
I am overjoyed that I found your site!! Such great information.. I was starting to feel discouraged at formula options! I recently took out my breast implants and although I plan to breastfeed, I may have damage to my milk ducts making it difficult, so I’ve sought out some “back-ups”.. I was wondering if Lebenswert and Holle had instructions in english and what is the typical shipping time? Thank you!
Jessie
*prebiotics, not probiotics :)
Jessie
What are your thoughts on the new infant formula from The Honest Company that has lactose as a sweetener and contains probiotics?
Aria
Hi,
I’m in the US in CA. I’m due in January 2018. I’m confused, maybe more overwhelmed, as to which European Formula is best of its two, HIPP OR HOLLE? I got overwhelmed reading your thought and dislikes from the two. In the end which of the two brand European formulas you would choose for a newborn? And just to clarify, you would chose that European brand over US brand happy baby organic?
Thank you so much I would very much appreciate your advice, my ped always recommends enfamil or similac but I’m not deciding to go that route.
Maia James
You’ll see Topfer listed under The Okay Stuff.
Julie Arney
Hi! I appreciate your extensive research on these topics. I was wondering where Töpfer rates among these brands.
Thank you!
Sandra Paperny
Hello, I’m interested to know why you didn’t add HiPP 1 to your list of Good Stuff? Thanks!
Lina
Love your site!! Thank you for your research!
Which is better, Alimentum or Alimentum RTF?
RTF has no corn and way less soy, but also has carrageenan. The regular does not.
Can’t decide which is worse- more soy/corn or carrageenan?
Are there any organic formulas that work for babies with milk protein issues?
Summer Hitch
I am curious what you decided! We’re in the same boat.
Summer Hitch
Hey! Curious which you ended up going with?
Lindsay
I have recently started using The Honest Co. Infant Formula. I read your post about the different formula brands. I think that Honest Co. may have updated their ingredients, because what we have purchased from Target no longer has “glucose syrup solids” on the ingredient list. We purchased some from Amazon, and it was older (the expiration date was much sooner than what we bought at Target) and it DID contain glucose syrup solids. We were encouraged to find that it no longer has corn syrup. Would you rate this as good stuff? Or would Happy Baby still be a better option?
Summer Hitch
Hello! Brilliant information—thank you so much! So, if my baby has been breastfed for 6 months and I’d like to begin supplementing, which formula would you recommend? Just a little confused since she will be older when getting started.
Thanks!Kalea
The Clean Label Project rated the Happy Tot formula as a one star, showing heavy metals. It doesn’t look like they tested Happy Baby formula stage one or two (just three, for toddlers), but I’m curious if this changes your thoughts on the Happy Baby formula? http://www.cleanlabelproject.org/products/happy-tot-grow-shine-organic-toddler-milk-drink/
amy m
Hi!
I purchased the lebenswert for my 4 month old after he started drinking way more BM than I could produce. So he’s 30% formula and 70% BM.
I cannot tell if he’s “reacting” to the formula. He does seem way fussier in the 3 weeks we’ve started and his bowel movements have been a little different lately. Does that constitute an allergy? Should I be trying a different brand formula??
Sophia
Hi,
Thanks a mil!I was wondering what your opinion of NannyCare goat milk formula was. I’ve been back and forth with the ingredients, and they seem to fit the bill, but I wanted to consult an expert.
Holly
Hey there! Love your articles. I wanted to get your thoughts. Have u noticed the honest company formula has no syrup solids anymore. Do you think this is a good formula now? I’m between this and happy baby formula. Please let me know. Would love to hear from you. Thanks so much.
Holly
Alissa
This is such a great blog post Maia! Thank you so much for all this helpful information!
I am one of those moms that had a crazy challenging time breastfeeding. It’s my third child and we literally tried everything including multiple lactation consultants, tongue/lip clipping, etc but my supply kept dropping and he kept losing weight. All this being said, we eventually moved fully to formula around 5-6 weeks and we went with Lebenswert Stage 1 because it was still super good but much cheaper per ounce when bought in bulk online. My son has been thriving on it but is about to be 6 months old so I know we need to move to Stage 2. Unfortunately, Lebenswert Stage 2 has different ingredients, one being maltodextrin instead of lactose. I also didn’t like that they have both a Stage 2 and 3 which means I can’t get it as cheap since I will need less of each type in bulk. So I went to try Hipp Dutch Stage 2 even though it costs more. The ingredients are great so I had high hopes! Of course, my son just started it and is refusing the bottle, I believe, solely on taste. I also noticed it doesn’t dissolve well in the water I put in the bottle (usually lukewarm) and so I have to put the nipple on and shake it to mix it after every 2-3 scoops…which is kind of a pain when making an 8 oz bottle when I have 2 other children to attend to or when I take him to any type of childcare/nursery at church or otherwise where they have to make his bottle. Now I’m at a loss as to which way to turn. Do I try Hipp UK and hope he is OK with the taste and it dissolves better into the water? Do I go back to Lebenswert even though their Stage 2 has maltodextrin and I have to buy it for more money in order to get less of Stage 2 since I’ll soon need to move to Stage 3?? I’d love your advice!! Thank you!! ?Vicky Argyropoulos
Hi!! I was wondering what you would recommend as far as water goes for formula. We purchased the trio water filter through your site. But I was wondering is that good or would something like Fiji be better in your opinion?
Julianne
So that adoption fell through but we did end up adopting a sweet baby boy in July who was quite a bit premature and in the nicu for a month. He’s an eater which is great and we have recently switched him from Enfacare which had the added calories to Lebenswert. However our pediatrician is concerned about Lebenswert’s use of skimmed milk, which it appears Holle and Hipp do too. She said she wouldn’t be concerned if he was over six months old and eating solid foods when we could supplement healthy fats like avocado, but wanted to get me to use a full fat/Whole milk formula. Are there any full fat suggestions? I can’t tell if the whey protein in the HA formulas would fit the bill. Thanks!
Erika
What do you think of Deumil? I found their website and on amazon, but can find no other information or sale sites. Thank you.
Layla
Thanks so much! I’ll ask my peditrian. Do you recommend glass bottles? If so what brand is best?